Tanker accidents are the leading cause of oil spills in the marine environment, accounting for approximately 50% of all spills.

Bunker oil spills are considered the most damaging to marine ecosystems due to their high viscosity and persistence in the environment.

Oil spills can impact marine organisms through direct toxicity, habitat destruction, food chain contamination, and a combination of these factors.

All of the mentioned marine species are particularly vulnerable to oil spills due to their sensitivity to oil contamination and their reliance on marine habitats.

Mechanical recovery, which involves physically removing oil from the water surface, is the primary method used to clean up oil spills in the marine environment.

Oil spills can have long-term impacts on marine ecosystems, including reduced biodiversity, impaired ecosystem function, and increased susceptibility to disease.

The MARPOL Convention, OPRC, and UNCLOS are key international agreements that aim to prevent and respond to oil spills.

Technology plays a crucial role in preventing and responding to oil spills by providing improved detection and monitoring systems, advanced cleanup technologies, and enhanced modeling and forecasting capabilities.

Preventing and responding to oil spills face challenges such as human error, extreme weather conditions, and limited resources and infrastructure.

Reducing the risk of oil spills and mitigating their environmental impacts require a combination of improved tanker design and operation, stricter regulations and enforcement, and investment in renewable energy sources.

Public awareness and education play a vital role in preventing oil spills by raising awareness about their causes and consequences, promoting responsible behavior and practices, and encouraging support for policies and regulations aimed at preventing oil spills.

Continued oil spills can lead to irreversible damage to marine biodiversity, increased risk of human health issues related to seafood consumption, disruption of marine food chains and fisheries, and a range of other long-term consequences.

In addition to oil spills, bilge water discharge, tank cleaning operations, and atmospheric deposition are significant sources of oil pollution in the marine environment.

Oil spills can impact marine organisms at the cellular level by disrupting cell membranes, impairing respiratory function, inhibiting enzyme activity, and causing a range of other cellular dysfunctions.

The severity and extent of an oil spill's environmental impact are influenced by a combination of factors, including the type and quantity of oil spilled, weather conditions, ocean currents and tides, and the sensitivity of the affected ecosystem.