Environmental sociology examines the complex interactions between human societies and the natural world, exploring how social factors shape environmental outcomes and how environmental changes impact social systems.

Environmental justice refers to the fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens across different population groups, addressing issues of equity and social justice in environmental decision-making.

Social metabolism refers to the transformation of natural resources into products and services through human activities, encompassing the extraction, production, consumption, and waste disposal processes.

Ecological modernization theory suggests that technological advancements and economic restructuring can lead to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly society.

Environmental degradation refers to the negative impact of human activities on the natural environment, resulting in the depletion of resources, pollution, and loss of biodiversity.

Population growth is a major driver of environmental degradation, as it increases the demand for resources, land, and energy, leading to deforestation, pollution, and climate change.

Ecological footprint measures the amount of land and water required to produce the resources and absorb the waste generated by a population, providing an indicator of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems.

Sustainable consumption and production patterns aim to minimize environmental impacts by using renewable resources, reducing waste and pollution, and promoting local and organic food systems.

Environmental security refers to the protection of human populations from environmental threats, such as natural disasters, pollution, and climate change, which can have significant social and economic consequences.

Environmental justice issues encompass unequal access to environmental benefits and burdens, disproportionate exposure to pollution, and lack of participation in environmental decision-making by affected communities.

Population ecology examines the relationship between human populations and their environment, including factors such as population growth, resource availability, and environmental carrying capacity.

Achieving sustainability requires addressing multiple challenges, including balancing economic growth with environmental protection, addressing social inequalities and environmental justice issues, and promoting technological innovation and green energy solutions.

Resource depletion refers to the process by which natural resources, such as fossil fuels, minerals, and forests, are extracted and consumed at a rate that exceeds their natural replenishment.

Social factors, including cultural values and beliefs, economic systems and policies, and political institutions and regulations, can significantly influence environmental outcomes.

Environmental sociology is a field of study that examines the complex interactions between human societies and the natural environment, exploring how social factors shape environmental outcomes and how environmental changes impact social systems.