Labor unions aim to represent workers collectively and negotiate with employers on their behalf, thereby increasing their bargaining power and improving their working conditions.

The classical model of wage determination assumes that wages are flexible and adjust to equate the quantity of labor supplied and demanded in the labor market.

Monopsony refers to a market structure where there is only one buyer (employer) for a particular type of labor, giving them significant power in determining wages and working conditions.

Human capital theory posits that investments in education, training, and skills development enhance an individual's productivity and earning potential.

Exploitation in labor economics refers to the situation where workers are paid less than the value of their marginal product, resulting in a transfer of surplus from workers to employers.

Public employment programs are designed to provide temporary employment opportunities to unemployed individuals, helping them gain work experience and skills while receiving income.

Efficiency wage theory suggests that employers may pay workers more than their marginal product to incentivize higher effort, reduce turnover, and improve productivity.

Minimum wage laws set a legal floor for wages, below which employers cannot pay their workers, with the aim of protecting workers from exploitation and ensuring a minimum standard of living.

Wage discrimination refers to the practice of paying workers differently for the same job based on their gender, race, or other personal characteristics, leading to unequal pay for equal work.

Unemployment insurance provides temporary financial assistance to workers who have lost their jobs, helping them maintain a basic standard of living while searching for new employment.

Tournament theory suggests that workers compete with each other for promotion or advancement within a firm, with the winner receiving a disproportionately large reward, incentivizing effort and performance.

Job training programs provide unemployed or underemployed individuals with the skills and knowledge necessary to obtain new jobs or advance in their careers.

Signaling theory suggests that workers send signals to potential employers about their productivity or skills through their education, experience, or other credentials, which help employers make hiring decisions.

Countercyclical fiscal policy involves government spending and taxation policies designed to stabilize the economy during economic downturns, helping to reduce unemployment and support businesses.