Ranked-choice voting, also known as instant-runoff voting, enables voters to rank candidates in order of preference, ensuring that the most preferred candidate wins.

Proportional representation systems aim to ensure that the composition of elected bodies reflects the diversity of the electorate, particularly benefiting minority groups.

In a first-past-the-post system, the candidate who receives the most votes in a constituency or district wins the election, regardless of whether they receive a majority of votes.

Approval voting allows voters to select multiple candidates they approve of, eliminating the need for strategic voting and promoting a more genuine expression of preferences.

The STV system, while ensuring fair representation, can be complex for voters to comprehend, potentially leading to confusion and errors in casting ballots.

Cumulative voting enables voters to distribute their votes among multiple candidates in a multi-member constituency, increasing the chances of their preferred candidates being elected.

The two-round system ensures that the winning candidate receives a majority of votes, reducing the likelihood of a candidate winning with a plurality but lacking majority support.

Party-list proportional representation allocates seats in a legislative body based on the proportion of votes received by each party, ensuring a fair representation of various political parties.

A major criticism of the first-past-the-post system is that it can result in a government with a weak mandate, as the winning party may not have received a majority of votes.

The single non-transferable vote system allows voters to cast a single vote for a candidate in a multi-member constituency, with the candidates receiving the most votes being elected.

The Condorcet paradox occurs when a majority of voters prefer one candidate over another, but the other candidate wins the election due to the voting system used.

Mixed-member proportional representation combines elements of both first-past-the-post and proportional representation systems, ensuring both individual representation and fair representation of political parties.

The Borda count voting system prevents the Condorcet paradox by ranking candidates based on the number of pairwise comparisons they win, ensuring that the candidate who is preferred by a majority of voters is elected.

The Condorcet method is a voting system designed to elect a single winner from a multi-member constituency, based on the preferences of voters, by identifying the candidate who would win a pairwise comparison against every other candidate.