Merton's strain theory argues that deviance occurs when individuals are unable to achieve their goals through legitimate means due to structural inequalities and limited opportunities.

Labeling theory suggests that deviance is not inherent in behavior itself, but rather is created through the process of labeling certain behaviors as deviant by societal norms and institutions.

Hirschi's social control theory posits that individuals are less likely to engage in deviant behavior when they have strong bonds to their family, community, and other social institutions.

Conflict theory views deviance as a form of resistance or rebellion against dominant social norms and power structures that are perceived as unjust or oppressive.

Sutherland's differential association theory proposes that deviance is learned through interaction with individuals who engage in deviant behavior, and that the frequency and intensity of such interactions influence the likelihood of adopting deviant behavior.

Anomie theory suggests that deviance occurs when there is a breakdown in social norms and values, leading to a state of normlessness and a lack of clear guidelines for behavior.

Cohen's subcultural theory argues that deviant behavior can emerge within subcultures that reject mainstream values and norms, often as a form of resistance or adaptation to social disadvantage.

Rational choice theory views deviance as a rational decision made by individuals who weigh the potential benefits and costs of engaging in deviant behavior.

Labeling theory emphasizes the role of social interaction and labeling processes in creating and maintaining deviance, rather than viewing it as an inherent characteristic of individuals.

Social control theory posits that deviance occurs when social bonds are weakened and individuals lack the necessary social controls to conform to societal norms.

Becker's labeling theory emphasizes the role of social interaction and labeling processes in creating and maintaining deviance, rather than viewing it as an inherent characteristic of individuals.

Conflict theory views deviance as a form of resistance against oppressive social structures and power imbalances, arguing that it is a product of social inequality and the struggle for power.

Agnew's general strain theory argues that deviance occurs when individuals experience strain or frustration due to perceived injustices or a lack of opportunities, leading them to engage in deviant behavior as a coping mechanism.

Social learning theory proposes that deviance is learned through observation and imitation of others, particularly those who are perceived as role models or influential figures.

Labeling theory emphasizes the role of social interaction and labeling processes in creating and maintaining deviance, rather than viewing it as an inherent characteristic of individuals.