Piet Mondrian, a Dutch artist, employed mathematical principles and geometric shapes, particularly primary colors and black lines, to create his unique style known as Neo-Plasticism.

The golden ratio, also known as the divine proportion, is approximately 1.618. It is often used in art and design to create a sense of balance and harmony.

Claude Monet's 'Water Lilies' series was inspired by his fascination with the effects of light and color, which he studied through the science of spectroscopy, analyzing the spectrum of light reflected from objects.

Negative space in art refers to the empty space surrounding the subject, which can be used to create visual interest, balance, and depth.

The Fibonacci sequence is often used in architecture to create a sense of harmony and balance. The proportions of various elements in a building, such as windows, doors, and columns, can be based on the Fibonacci sequence to achieve a visually pleasing result.

Dadaism, an artistic movement that emerged in the early 20th century, emphasized the use of chance, randomness, and absurdity in the creation of art.

Chiaroscuro is an artistic technique that uses contrasting light and shadow to create a sense of depth, drama, and realism in a work of art.

Counterpoint in music involves the combination of two or more independent melodies that are played simultaneously, creating a harmonious and complex texture.

Wassily Kandinsky's abstract paintings were influenced by his fascination with quantum mechanics and the idea that the universe is composed of particles that behave in unpredictable ways.

Gestalt psychology emphasizes the idea that our perception of objects is influenced by how we organize and interpret sensory information as wholes, rather than as individual parts.

Symmetry in architecture refers to the balance and proportion in a design, where elements are arranged in a harmonious and orderly manner.

Fractals are mathematical and artistic objects that exhibit self-similarity, meaning their patterns repeat at different scales, creating complex and intricate structures.

Dissonance in music refers to the combination of notes that creates a sense of tension and unease, often used to create emotional impact or contrast.

The discovery of the electromagnetic spectrum, which includes visible light, led to the development of color photography, enabling artists to capture and reproduce colors more accurately.

Perspective in art involves techniques used to create the illusion of depth and three-dimensionality on a two-dimensional surface, such as linear perspective and aerial perspective.