Ethnicity encompasses shared cultural, linguistic, and historical traits that define a group of people.

Racism involves prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed towards a specific racial group.

Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one's own culture as the norm or standard against which all other cultures are judged.

Language contact occurs when two or more languages come into contact, resulting in mutual influence and changes.

Language shift occurs when a community gradually adopts a new language, often due to social, political, or economic factors.

Language death occurs when a language ceases to be spoken by any living person, resulting in its extinction.

Language revival involves efforts to restore and revitalize a language that is endangered or has become extinct.

Language identity refers to the way individuals and communities use language to express and reinforce their social and cultural identities.

Language variation refers to the different ways in which a language can be used to communicate different meanings, including dialects, accents, and registers.

Language ideology refers to the beliefs and attitudes that people have about language, including its role in society, its value, and its relationship to identity.

Language prestige refers to the social status and prestige associated with a particular language or variety of language, often based on factors such as its history, its association with power, or its perceived beauty.

Language standardization involves the process of establishing a standard form of a language, often based on a particular dialect or variety, and promoting its use in education, government, and media.

Language planning involves deliberate efforts to influence the development, structure, or use of a language, often with the aim of promoting language standardization, language revival, or language maintenance.

Official language refers to the language or languages that are recognized and used by a government or state for official purposes, such as education, administration, and legal proceedings.

Language codification involves the process of creating a written form for a language that previously had no written form, often involving the development of an alphabet or writing system.