Wind shear, which is a sudden change in wind speed or direction, is the primary cause of turbulence during air travel.

Thunderstorms, with their strong updrafts and downdrafts, are most likely to cause severe turbulence.

Humidity is not a factor that contributes to turbulence.

Mountain waves are a type of turbulence that occurs near mountains due to the interaction between wind and mountain terrain.

Clear air turbulence is often associated with jet streams, which are narrow bands of high-speed winds in the upper atmosphere.

In most cases, pilots are advised to decrease airspeed when encountering turbulence to reduce the impact of the turbulence on the aircraft.

Wake turbulence is the turbulence that occurs in the wake of an aircraft due to the disruption of airflow by the aircraft's wings and engines.

Clear air turbulence is characterized by sudden, unpredictable changes in wind speed and direction, often occurring in areas with no visible clouds or weather disturbances.

Convective turbulence is primarily caused by the uneven heating of the Earth's surface, which leads to the formation of thermals and updrafts.

Frontal turbulence is associated with the passage of a weather front, where different air masses meet and create unstable conditions.

During turbulence, passengers are advised to remain seated, fasten their seatbelts, and follow the instructions of the cabin crew.

Mechanical turbulence, caused by obstacles such as buildings, trees, and mountains, is most common at low altitudes.

Mechanical turbulence is caused by the interaction between wind and the Earth's surface, such as buildings, trees, and mountains.

Convective turbulence is associated with thunderstorms due to the strong updrafts and downdrafts within the storm.

In cases of severe turbulence, pilots are advised to turn around and land as soon as possible to ensure the safety of the passengers and crew.