The Taal is a fundamental element of Indian classical music and is often used to represent mathematical concepts such as time signatures, rhythmic patterns, and proportions.

The Natya Shastra is an ancient Indian treatise on performing arts, including music, dance, and drama. It contains discussions on the relationship between music and mathematics, including the use of musical intervals and ratios in mathematical calculations.

The Fibonacci sequence is often found in the structure of Indian classical ragas, particularly in the arrangement of notes and melodic patterns.

The concept of Shruti in Indian music is similar to the concept of cents in Western music, both of which refer to the division of an octave into smaller intervals.

The Mridangam is a popular percussion instrument in South India and is often used in educational settings to teach mathematical concepts such as rhythm, patterns, and fractions.

The Sama Veda is known for its musical hymns and melodies, which are believed to have mathematical significance and are often used in rituals and ceremonies.

The Rudra Veena is known for its unique design, which includes sympathetic strings that resonate in harmony with the main strings, creating a rich and complex sound.

The Raga Yaman is often associated with the mathematical concept of the golden ratio, which is found in the arrangement of notes and melodic patterns within the raga.

The drone in Indian music is often used to represent mathematical concepts such as infinity and continuity, as it provides a steady and unchanging foundation for the music.

The Tabla is often used in educational settings to teach mathematical concepts such as rhythm, time signatures, and polyrhythms, due to its versatility and ability to produce complex rhythmic patterns.

Carnatic music is known for its complex system of ragas and talas, which are based on mathematical principles and provide a framework for improvisation and composition.

Hindustani music also uses a system of ragas and talas, which are based on mathematical principles and provide a framework for improvisation and composition.

The Gandharva Veda is not an ancient Indian text, and there is no evidence to suggest that it discusses the relationship between music and mathematics.

The Sitar is known for its unique design, which includes sympathetic strings that resonate in harmony with the main strings, creating a rich and complex sound.

The Veena is not typically used to teach mathematical concepts, although it is a versatile instrument used in Indian classical music.