The Outer Space Treaty, formally known as the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, is the primary international treaty governing space activities.

The Outer Space Treaty declares that outer space is a global commons, open to all states for exploration and use on a non-discriminatory basis.

The principle of non-appropriation in space law encompasses all of the above statements. It prohibits states from claiming sovereignty over any part of outer space, claiming exclusive rights to any celestial body, or claiming exclusive rights to any natural resources in outer space.

The concept of "freedom of exploration and use" in space law means that states are free to explore and use outer space for any purpose, provided that they do so in accordance with international law and do not interfere with the rights of other states.

States have a responsibility to avoid harmful interference with other states' space activities. This includes taking all necessary measures to avoid causing harm, only conducting space activities that are not harmful, and consulting with other states before conducting space activities that may have a harmful impact.

The principle of "due regard" in space law encompasses all of the above statements. It requires states to take into account the interests of other states when conducting space activities, consult with other states before conducting space activities that may affect their interests, and provide compensation to other states for any harm caused by their space activities.

The United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) is responsible for developing international law governing space activities, providing a forum for states to discuss and cooperate on space-related issues, and monitoring and verifying compliance with international space law.

Astronauts and space objects in space are subject to international law, including the Outer Space Treaty and other relevant international agreements.

The concept of "common heritage of mankind" in space law means that outer space and its resources are the common heritage of all humankind and should be used for the benefit of all humankind, regardless of nationality.

The challenges of regulating space activities include the rapid pace of technological development in the space sector, the lack of a comprehensive international legal framework governing space activities, and the difficulty of enforcing international space law.

The Moon Treaty, formally known as the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, is the international treaty that governs the activities of states on the Moon and other celestial bodies.

The principle of "non-militarization" in space law encompasses all of the above statements. It prohibits states from placing weapons of mass destruction in outer space, conducting military exercises in outer space, and establishing military bases on the Moon and other celestial bodies.

The concept of "space debris" in space law encompasses all of the above statements. It refers to objects that are no longer in use and are orbiting Earth, re-entering Earth's atmosphere, or impacting the Moon or other celestial bodies.

The challenges of regulating space debris include the difficulty of tracking and monitoring space debris, the lack of international cooperation on space debris mitigation, and the difficulty of removing space debris from orbit.

The future of jurisdiction and sovereignty in space is likely to be shaped by the development of a comprehensive international legal framework governing space activities, the increasing role of private companies in space exploration and utilization, and the emergence of new spacefaring nations.