Greenshield's Equation establishes the relationship between traffic flow (q), speed (v), and density (k) as q = k * v.

The Lighthill-Whitham-Richards Model assumes constant vehicle speed and safe following distance, leading to the formation of shockwaves under congested conditions.

Wardrop's Principle is a fundamental principle in traffic flow theory, stating that drivers will distribute themselves among available routes in a way that minimizes their individual travel times.

Shockwave Theory explains the formation and propagation of shockwaves in traffic flow, which are abrupt changes in traffic density and speed.

Traffic management strategies aim to reduce traffic congestion, increase traffic speed, improve road safety, and optimize the overall efficiency of the transportation system.

Adaptive Traffic Signal Control dynamically adjusts signal timings based on real-time traffic conditions to improve traffic flow efficiency.

Ramp metering aims to control the flow of vehicles entering freeways, reduce traffic congestion, and improve traffic safety by preventing oversaturation of the freeway.

Speed bumps are physical barriers designed to slow down traffic by creating an uncomfortable ride for drivers who exceed the intended speed limit.

Roundabouts aim to reduce traffic congestion, improve traffic flow efficiency, and enhance road safety by eliminating the need for traffic signals and reducing the risk of collisions.

High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lanes are dedicated lanes reserved for vehicles with multiple occupants, aiming to encourage carpooling and reduce traffic congestion.

Park-and-ride facilities offer parking spaces for commuters who can then use public transportation to reach their destinations, reducing traffic congestion during peak hours.

Carpooling programs encourage multiple people to share a single vehicle for commuting, reducing the number of vehicles on the road and alleviating traffic congestion.

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Systems aim to provide fast and efficient public transportation, reduce traffic congestion, and promote sustainable transportation by offering dedicated bus lanes, priority at intersections, and modern bus stations.

Road widening involves constructing additional lanes or widening existing roads to increase the capacity of the roadway and accommodate more vehicles.

Traffic calming measures aim to reduce traffic speed, improve pedestrian safety, and enhance the overall livability of an area by implementing physical barriers, speed bumps, raised crosswalks, and other traffic-calming devices.