Anarchism as a modern political ideology originated in France in the 19th century, with thinkers such as Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Élisée Reclus.

Mikhail Bakunin was a prominent Russian anarchist philosopher whose ideas had a significant impact on the development of the anarchist movement in Russia.

During the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), anarchists played a major role in the Republican forces, particularly in Catalonia.

The southern Mexican state of Oaxaca has a long history of anarchist and indigenous resistance, with communities practicing self-governance and communal land ownership.

Emma Goldman was a prominent anarchist writer and activist in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Japan has a long history of anarchist thought and activism, dating back to the late 19th century, with notable figures such as Kotoku Shusui and Osugi Sakae.

Anarchism was present in the Algerian anti-colonial movement, with figures such as Mohamed Ben Raïs advocating for self-governance and workers' control.

West Bengal, particularly the city of Kolkata, has a long history of anarchist thought and activism, with notable figures such as M.N. Roy and Satish K. Guha.

Anarchism had a significant impact on the labor movement and social struggles in Argentina, particularly in the early 20th century, with figures such as Errico Malatesta and Severino Di Giovanni.

Italy saw a surge of anarchist activity and insurrections during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with notable figures such as Errico Malatesta and Carlo Cafiero.

France was a key center for the development of syndicalism and workers' cooperatives, with anarchist thinkers such as Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Émile Pouget playing a significant role.

Indigenous communities in North America, particularly in the United States and Canada, have a long history of anarchist thought and activism, advocating for self-determination and land rights.

Anarchism played a significant role in the development of free schools and alternative education in Spain, particularly during the Spanish Civil War, with figures such as Francisco Ferrer and Federica Montseny.

North America, particularly the United States, has a long history of anarchist thought and activism in the environmental movement, with figures such as John Zerzan and Derrick Jensen.

Germany has a strong tradition of anarchist squatting and autonomous social centers, with notable examples such as the Rote Flora in Hamburg and the Syndikat in Berlin.