Socrates is widely regarded as the father of Western philosophy due to his profound influence on subsequent philosophers and his contributions to ethical thought.

Plato, in his dialogue "The Republic," asserted that justice is the most important virtue and that a just society is one where each individual fulfills their proper role and function.

Distributive justice focuses on the fair and equitable distribution of resources, benefits, and burdens among individuals or groups within a society.

John Rawls, in his book "A Theory of Justice," proposed the principle of fairness as the foundation of a just society, emphasizing the importance of equal basic liberties and fair opportunities for all.

Libertarianism prioritizes individual rights and liberties, advocating for minimal government intervention and emphasizing the freedom of individuals to make their own choices.

Restorative justice aims to repair harm caused by crime by focusing on the rehabilitation of offenders, reconciliation between victims and offenders, and restitution for the harm caused.

Thomas Hobbes, in his work "Leviathan," posited that justice is a social contract among individuals who agree to surrender some of their freedoms to a sovereign authority in exchange for protection and security.

Procedural justice emphasizes the importance of fair and impartial procedures in decision-making, ensuring that individuals are treated with respect and have a voice in the process.

Marxism, as propounded by Karl Marx, advocates for the redistribution of wealth and resources from the capitalist class to the working class, aiming to create a more equitable society.

Retributive justice emphasizes the principle that punishment should be proportionate to the crime committed, aiming to achieve justice through retribution.

Aristotle, in his work "Nicomachean Ethics," posited that justice is a virtue that allows individuals to live in harmony with others and contribute to the common good.

Transitional justice focuses on addressing past human rights violations through truth-telling, reconciliation, and institutional reforms, aiming to promote healing and prevent future violations.

Communitarianism emphasizes the importance of community and social solidarity, advocating for the well-being of the community as a whole rather than solely focusing on individual rights.

Environmental justice focuses on the fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens, addressing issues such as pollution, resource extraction, and climate change impacts.

Immanuel Kant, in his work "Critique of Pure Reason," posited that justice is a universal principle that is independent of cultural and historical contexts and is based on reason and morality.