The 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1870, prohibits states from depriving citizens the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was a landmark piece of legislation that aimed to eliminate racial discrimination in voting, particularly in the Southern United States.

In the 1966 case Katzenbach v. Morgan, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, affirming the federal government's power to protect voting rights.

Gerrymandering is the practice of drawing electoral district boundaries to favor one political party or group over another, often resulting in distorted or oddly shaped districts.

Texas has a history of restrictive voter ID laws that have been challenged in court, with critics arguing that these laws disproportionately impact minority voters.

Voter purging is the process of removing voters from the electoral rolls, often through the use of inaccurate or outdated voter registration lists.

Australia has a compulsory voting system, requiring citizens to vote in elections, with failure to do so resulting in fines or other penalties.

Vote dilution is the practice of intentionally diluting the voting power of a particular group of voters, often through the use of gerrymandering or other methods.

Florida has a history of felon disenfranchisement laws, restricting the voting rights of individuals with felony convictions, until a constitutional amendment in 2018 restored voting rights to most felons who have completed their sentences.

Voter ID laws require voters to show identification at the polls, with the stated goal of preventing voter fraud, although critics argue that these laws can disproportionately impact minority voters.

Australia has a system of proportional representation, where seats in the legislature are allocated based on the proportion of votes received by each party, ensuring a more representative outcome.

Incumbent protection is the practice of drawing electoral district boundaries to create safe seats for incumbents, making it more difficult for challengers to win elections.

Texas has a history of restrictive early voting laws, limiting the number of days or hours that early voting is available, with critics arguing that these laws disproportionately impact minority voters.

Racial gerrymandering is the practice of using racial or ethnic data to draw electoral district boundaries, with the intent of diluting the voting power of minority groups.