Shashi Deshpande is a renowned Indian author whose works often explore the lives and struggles of women in contemporary India. Her novels feature strong and independent female characters who challenge traditional gender roles and societal norms.

Mammachi, the grandmother in "The God of Small Things", embodies the traditional and patriarchal values of Indian society. She is a strict disciplinarian who enforces rigid gender roles and expects obedience from her family members, particularly the women.

The Streewadi Movement, also known as the Women's Liberation Movement, was a significant literary movement in India during the 20th century. It aimed to highlight the experiences, struggles, and perspectives of women from various social and cultural backgrounds.

Sai, the protagonist of "The Inheritance of Loss," represents the changing roles and expectations of women in modern India. She challenges traditional gender norms, pursues her education and career aspirations, and navigates the complexities of relationships and societal pressures.

Kamala Das, also known as Madhavikutty, was a renowned Indian poet and author whose works often explored themes of female sexuality, desire, and liberation. She challenged traditional notions of femininity and expressed the inner lives and experiences of women with candor and boldness.

Zainab, a young Muslim girl in "Ice Candy Man," represents the experiences of women during the Partition of India. She faces displacement, violence, and the loss of her family, highlighting the devastating impact of political and social upheaval on women's lives.

Ismat Chugtai was a pioneering Indian writer known for her short stories that explored the lives and struggles of women from marginalized communities. She addressed issues such as gender inequality, social injustice, and the plight of women in a patriarchal society.

Mayadebi, the matriarch of the Datta family in "The Shadow Lines," embodies the resilience and strength of women during times of political turmoil. She navigates the complexities of family, displacement, and the changing political landscape with determination and grace.

Anita Desai's novels and short stories frequently delve into the complexities of female identity and the search for self-expression. Her characters navigate societal expectations, personal desires, and the challenges of forging their own paths in a patriarchal society.

Munna's mother in "The White Tiger" represents the exploitation and oppression faced by women in rural India. She endures poverty, abuse, and social injustice, highlighting the systemic challenges that women encounter in marginalized communities.

Meena Kandasamy's works often challenge traditional gender roles and explore the themes of female empowerment and liberation. She addresses issues such as caste, class, and gender discrimination, highlighting the struggles and triumphs of women in contemporary India.

Noor Jehan, a young Muslim woman in "Train to Pakistan," embodies the resilience and courage of women during communal violence. She faces unimaginable horrors but maintains her dignity and strength, becoming a symbol of hope and survival.

Githa Hariharan's works frequently delve into the intersections of gender, caste, and class in the lives of women. She examines how these social structures shape women's experiences and identities, highlighting the complexities of power dynamics and social inequality.

Indira Gandhi, the former Prime Minister of India, is portrayed as a complex and powerful figure in "The Great Indian Novel." She represents the changing political and social landscape of post-independence India, embodying both the challenges and triumphs of a woman leader in a patriarchal society.

Shobha De's works often explore the themes of female desire, sexuality, and the complexities of relationships. She challenges societal norms and taboos, delving into the inner lives and experiences of women in contemporary India.