Soil plays a multifaceted role in archaeology, preserving organic remains, providing evidence of past climate, and supporting plant growth, which can shed light on past human activities.

The A horizon, also known as the topsoil, is the uppermost layer of soil and is typically where archaeological remains are found due to its proximity to human activities.

Sedimentation refers to the process by which soil is deposited and accumulates over time, typically through the action of wind, water, or gravity.

Carbon content is a commonly used indicator for determining the age of archaeological deposits, as it decreases over time due to decomposition and other processes.

Soil archaeology is the study of soil in relation to human activity, focusing on how soil can provide insights into past human behavior and environmental conditions.

The presence of charcoal, high organic matter content, and elevated phosphorus levels are all indicators that can help identify ancient agricultural practices in soil.

Deflation refers to the process by which soil is eroded and transported by wind, often resulting in the formation of sand dunes and other wind-blown deposits.

The B horizon, also known as the subsoil, is typically characterized by the accumulation of clay minerals, which are transported downward from the A horizon through a process called illuviation.

Pedogenesis refers to the process by which soil is formed from the weathering of parent material, involving physical, chemical, and biological processes that transform the parent material into soil.

Mottling, which refers to the presence of different colored spots or streaks in the soil, is often used to determine the drainage conditions of a site, as it can indicate the presence of fluctuating water levels.

Erosion refers to the process by which soil is eroded and transported by water, wind, or gravity, resulting in the loss of soil material.

The C horizon, also known as the substratum, is typically characterized by the presence of bedrock or other unweathered parent material, which has been minimally affected by soil-forming processes.

Weathering refers to the process by which soil is weathered and broken down into smaller particles through physical, chemical, and biological processes.

The A horizon, also known as the topsoil, is typically characterized by the accumulation of organic matter, which is derived from plant and animal residues.

Sedimentation refers to the process by which soil is deposited and accumulates in a new location, typically through the action of wind, water, or gravity.