Martin Luther, a German theologian and religious reformer, is credited with initiating the Protestant Reformation through his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517.

Geneva, under the leadership of John Calvin, emerged as a significant hub of the Reformation, attracting Protestant refugees and becoming a center for theological education.

Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses, published in 1517, criticized the sale of indulgences and other practices of the Catholic Church, sparking the Protestant Reformation.

Henry VIII, the King of England, played a crucial role in the English Reformation by breaking away from the Catholic Church and establishing the Church of England.

John Calvin, a French theologian and reformer, founded the religious movement known as Calvinism, which emphasized the sovereignty of God and the doctrine of predestination.

Menno Simons, a Dutch Anabaptist leader, played a significant role in shaping the beliefs and practices of the Anabaptist movement, which emphasized adult baptism and separation from the state.

The Peace of Augsburg, signed in 1555, was a religious peace agreement that allowed for the coexistence of Lutheranism and Catholicism in the Holy Roman Empire.

John Knox, a Scottish reformer and theologian, played a leading role in the Scottish Reformation, advocating for the adoption of Calvinist beliefs and practices.

The Council of Trent, held from 1545 to 1563, was a Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation, aiming to address theological controversies and reform the Catholic Church.

Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), played a significant role in the Counter-Reformation, promoting Catholic orthodoxy and engaging in missionary work.

Pietism, a religious movement that emerged in the 17th century, emphasized the importance of personal religious experience, devotion, and a close relationship with God.

Thomas Müntzer, a German theologian and reformer, was a prominent figure in the Radical Reformation, advocating for social and economic reforms alongside religious changes.

Anabaptism, a religious movement that emerged during the Reformation, rejected infant baptism and emphasized the importance of adult baptism upon personal confession of faith.

Jan Hus, a Czech theologian and reformer, was a key figure in the Hussite movement, advocating for religious reforms and criticizing the practices of the Catholic Church.

Sola Scriptura, a principle emphasized by Protestant reformers, asserts that Scripture alone is the sole source of religious authority and that tradition and church teachings should be subordinate to it.