The philosophy of cognitive science is primarily concerned with understanding the relationship between cognition, the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge and understanding, and the brain, the physical organ that supports these processes.

Materialism is a philosophical school of thought that posits that all reality is composed of matter and energy, and that consciousness and mental phenomena are products of the brain's physical processes.

Qualia, also known as subjective phenomenal experiences, refer to the subjective, conscious aspects of sensory experiences, such as the taste of coffee or the smell of a rose.

Identity theory, also known as the mind-brain identity theory, posits that mental states are identical to brain states, meaning that there is no fundamental distinction between the two.

One of the main arguments against the identity theory is the existence of qualia, the subjective, conscious aspects of sensory experiences, which are difficult to explain solely in terms of physical brain processes.

Computationalism is a philosophical position that views cognition as a computational process, similar to the way a computer processes information.

One of the main criticisms of computationalism is that it ignores the role of embodiment in cognition, the idea that the body and its interactions with the environment play a crucial role in cognitive processes.

Enactivism is a philosophical position that emphasizes the role of embodiment in cognition, arguing that cognition is a process that emerges from the interaction between an organism and its environment.

One of the main arguments against enactivism is that it cannot fully account for the subjective experience of consciousness, which is a private, internal aspect of cognition.

Emergentism is a philosophical position that emphasizes the emergence of cognitive phenomena from complex systems, arguing that these phenomena cannot be fully explained by reducing them to their constituent parts.

One of the main arguments against emergentism is that it is difficult to empirically test the idea that cognitive phenomena emerge from complex systems.

Linguistic determinism is a philosophical position that emphasizes the role of language in cognition, arguing that the structure of a language can influence the way its speakers think and perceive the world.

One of the main arguments against linguistic determinism is that it ignores the role of embodiment in cognition, the idea that the body and its interactions with the environment play a crucial role in cognitive processes.

Cultural relativism is a philosophical position that emphasizes the role of culture in cognition, arguing that cognitive processes and beliefs are shaped by the cultural context in which they occur.

One of the main arguments against cultural relativism is that it cannot fully account for the subjective experience of consciousness, which is a private, internal aspect of cognition.