In calligraphy, a specialized pen with a flexible nib is typically used to create the distinctive strokes and flourishes that characterize the art form.

Spencerian script, developed in the 19th century, is renowned for its elegant, rhythmic strokes and interconnected letters, making it a popular choice for formal writing and calligraphy.

The slit is the angled cut at the tip of the nib that allows ink to flow smoothly and evenly onto the writing surface, creating the characteristic lines and strokes of calligraphy.

Blackletter, also known as Gothic script, is distinguished by its thick, heavy strokes and contrasting thin lines, giving it a bold and dramatic appearance.

Flourishing in calligraphy involves adding decorative elements, such as swirls, loops, and embellishments, to enhance the visual appeal of the writing and create a sense of artistry.

Uncial script, developed in the early centuries of the Christian era, is characterized by its rounded, uniform letters, consistent spacing, and lack of serifs, making it easy to read and suitable for manuscripts and inscriptions.

Slant refers to the angle at which the pen is held in relation to the writing surface in calligraphy. Different writing styles and techniques may require different slant angles to achieve the desired effect.

Copperplate script, developed in the 18th century, is characterized by its pointed pen strokes, sharp serifs, and elegant flourishes, making it a popular choice for formal documents and invitations.

Leading, also known as line spacing, refers to the vertical space between lines of text in calligraphy. Proper leading ensures that the text is readable and visually appealing.

Cursive script, also known as longhand, is characterized by its flowing, cursive strokes and interconnected letters, making it a fast and efficient writing style suitable for everyday use.

Swash refers to the decorative strokes and embellishments added to the beginning or end of a word or phrase in calligraphy, adding a touch of elegance and artistry to the writing.

Gothic script, also known as Blackletter, is characterized by its angular, geometric shapes, uniform strokes, and elaborate ornamentation, making it a distinctive and visually striking writing style.

Shading refers to the gradual thickening and thinning of a stroke in calligraphy, creating a sense of depth and dimension to the writing.

Roman script, also known as Latin script, is characterized by its upright, vertical strokes, minimal ornamentation, and consistent letterforms, making it a widely used and legible writing style.

Serifs are the small, decorative strokes added to the ends of strokes in calligraphy, enhancing the visual appeal and readability of the writing.