All of the above are core ethical principles in oncological care. Autonomy refers to the patient's right to make decisions about their own care, beneficence refers to the obligation to do good for the patient, non-maleficence refers to the obligation to avoid harm to the patient, and justice refers to the fair distribution of resources and benefits.

The primary goal of oncological care is to improve the quality of life of the patient, regardless of whether or not a cure is possible. This includes managing symptoms, providing emotional support, and helping the patient to cope with the challenges of cancer.

All of the above are ethical dilemmas that may arise in oncological care. Deciding whether or not to pursue aggressive treatment can be difficult, as there is always the risk of causing more harm than good. Balancing the patient's autonomy with the need to protect their health can also be challenging, as the patient may not always be able to make decisions that are in their best interests. Allocating scarce resources fairly is another ethical dilemma, as there are often more patients in need of care than there are resources available.

Informed consent is a process in which the physician provides the patient with information about their diagnosis, treatment options, and the risks and benefits of each option. The patient then has the opportunity to ask questions and make decisions about their care. Informed consent is important for ensuring that the patient understands the risks and benefits of treatment, protecting the patient's autonomy, and protecting the physician from liability.

All of the above are examples of a paternalistic approach to oncological care. In a paternalistic approach, the physician makes decisions about the patient's care without consulting the patient or without allowing the patient to make decisions about their own care. This approach is based on the belief that the physician knows what is best for the patient, even if the patient does not agree.

All of the above are examples of a patient-centered approach to oncological care. In a patient-centered approach, the physician listens to the patient's concerns and preferences, involves the patient in decision-making about their care, and respects the patient's autonomy. This approach is based on the belief that the patient is the best person to make decisions about their own care.

All of the above are ethical issues that may arise in the context of cancer screening. False positives and false negatives can lead to unnecessary anxiety and treatment, while overdiagnosis and overtreatment can lead to unnecessary harm. The cost of screening can also be a concern, especially for individuals who do not have health insurance.

Palliative care is a specialized type of care that is designed to provide comfort and support to patients with advanced cancer. Palliative care can help to manage symptoms, improve quality of life, and provide emotional and spiritual support to patients and their families.

All of the above are ethical issues that may arise in the context of end-of-life care. The patient's right to refuse treatment is based on the principle of autonomy, while the physician's obligation to preserve life is based on the principle of beneficence. The patient's right to die with dignity is based on the principle of respect for persons.

All of the above are examples of clinical trials. Clinical trials are research studies that are conducted to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of new treatments for cancer. Clinical trials can also be used to study the natural history of cancer and to identify risk factors for cancer.

All of the above are roles of informed consent in clinical trials. Informed consent is a process in which the researcher provides the patient with information about the trial, including the risks and benefits of participation. The patient then has the opportunity to ask questions and make a decision about whether or not to participate in the trial. Informed consent is important for ensuring that the patient understands the risks and benefits of participation, protecting the patient's autonomy, and protecting the researcher from liability.

All of the above are ethical issues that may arise in the context of clinical trials. Coercion or undue influence can occur when patients are pressured to participate in a trial, even if they do not want to. The risk of harm to participants is always present in clinical trials, as new treatments are being tested. The lack of access to clinical trials for some patients can be a problem, as certain trials may only be available at certain locations or to certain types of patients.

All of the above are roles of ethics committees in oncological care. Ethics committees review and approve clinical trials to ensure that they are ethical and that the rights of participants are protected. They also provide guidance on ethical issues in oncological care and educate healthcare professionals about ethical issues.

All of the above are ethical issues that may arise in the context of cancer survivorship. The fear of recurrence is a common concern among cancer survivors. The impact of cancer on relationships and work can be significant, as cancer can lead to changes in physical appearance, energy levels, and cognitive function. The need for long-term follow-up care is also an important issue, as cancer survivors may need to be monitored for recurrence or late effects of treatment.

All of the above are roles of shared decision-making in oncological care. Shared decision-making is a process in which the patient and the physician work together to make decisions about the patient's care. Shared decision-making involves the patient in decision-making, ensures that the patient understands the risks and benefits of treatment, and improves communication between the patient and the physician.