Electoral constituencies are designed to ensure that all citizens have an equal opportunity to participate in the political process and that their voices are heard in the government.

The United Kingdom is widely regarded as the birthplace of modern electoral constituencies, with the first constituencies being established in the 13th century.

Gerrymandering is the practice of manipulating electoral boundaries to favor one political party or group over another.

The primary factor considered when determining the boundaries of electoral constituencies is population size, to ensure that each constituency has roughly the same number of voters.

First-past-the-post is the most commonly used electoral system in countries with electoral constituencies, where the candidate who receives the most votes in each constituency wins the seat.

Redistricting is the process of redrawing electoral boundaries, typically after a census or population shift.

The main objective of redistricting is to ensure that all citizens have an equal opportunity to participate in the political process and that their voices are heard in the government.

The 61st Amendment to the Indian Constitution, passed in 1989, guarantees the right to vote to all citizens aged 18 years and above.

Packing is the practice of creating electoral constituencies with a majority of minority voters, diluting their voting power in other constituencies.

Cracking is the practice of dividing a minority population across multiple electoral constituencies, reducing their ability to elect candidates of their choice.

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, adopted in 1965, prohibits racial discrimination in the exercise of the right to vote, among other rights.

Delimitation is the process of determining the boundaries of electoral constituencies, typically carried out by an independent commission.

The Delimitation Commission is an independent body responsible for delimiting electoral constituencies in India.

Electoral federalism is the practice of using electoral constituencies to promote regionalism and sectional interests, often leading to the formation of regional political parties.

Germany is known for its proportional representation electoral system, where parties are allocated seats in the legislature based on their share of the popular vote.