A fixative is a protective coating applied to an artwork to preserve the colors and prevent fading. It is often used on drawings, pastels, and charcoal works to prevent smudging and deterioration.

Varnishing is a finishing technique that involves applying a thin layer of varnish to an artwork to protect it from dust, dirt, and moisture. It also enhances the colors and creates a glossy or matte finish, depending on the type of varnish used.

Gilding is the process of applying gold leaf to a surface. It is often used to decorate frames, furniture, and other objects. Gold leaf is a thin sheet of gold that is applied to a surface using an adhesive.

Patination is a finishing technique that involves creating a chemical reaction on a metal surface to produce a colored finish. It is often used on copper, bronze, and brass to create a variety of colors and textures.

Encaustic is the process of using heat to fuse pigments into a surface. It is an ancient technique that was used by the Greeks and Romans to create paintings and sculptures. Encaustic paintings are known for their vibrant colors and durability.

Grisaille is a finishing technique that involves applying multiple layers of paint to create a smooth, even surface. It is often used to create the illusion of depth and texture. Grisaille paintings are typically monochromatic, using shades of gray or brown.

Impasto is the process of applying thick layers of paint to create a textured surface. It is often used to create a sense of depth and movement in a painting. Impasto paintings are known for their bold brushstrokes and vibrant colors.

Glazing is a finishing technique that involves applying thin, transparent layers of paint to create a luminous effect. It is often used to create the illusion of depth and atmosphere. Glazing can also be used to adjust the color and tone of a painting.

Scumbling is the process of applying a broken color technique to create a soft, blended effect. It is often used to create the illusion of light and shadow. Scumbling can also be used to create a sense of depth and texture.

Gesso is a finishing technique that involves applying a layer of gesso to a surface to prepare it for painting. Gesso is a mixture of plaster, chalk, and glue that creates a smooth, even surface for paint to adhere to.

Priming is the process of applying a layer of paint to a surface to create a base for further painting. Primer is a type of paint that is designed to adhere to a variety of surfaces and create a smooth, even finish.

Sizing is a finishing technique that involves applying a layer of glue or varnish to a surface to seal it and protect it from moisture. Sizing is often used on paper and canvas to prevent the paint from absorbing into the surface.

Underpainting is the process of applying a preliminary layer of paint to a surface to establish the composition and color scheme of a painting. Underpainting is often done in a monochromatic color or a limited palette.

Overpainting is a finishing technique that involves applying a layer of paint to a surface to create a decorative or protective finish. Overpainting is often done on furniture, walls, and other objects.

Stippling is the process of applying a layer of paint to a surface to create a textured or decorative effect. Stippling is done by using a brush or sponge to apply small dots of paint to the surface.