The primary goal of IHL is to protect civilians and non-combatants, as well as to regulate the conduct of hostilities between armed forces, in order to minimize suffering and harm during armed conflict.

The fundamental principles of IHL include distinction, proportionality, military necessity, and humanity. These principles are designed to protect civilians and non-combatants, and to regulate the conduct of hostilities between armed forces.

The principle of distinction in IHL requires parties to an armed conflict to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants, between military and civilian objects, and between direct and indirect attacks. This principle is designed to protect civilians and non-combatants from harm.

The principle of proportionality in IHL requires parties to an armed conflict to avoid causing excessive civilian casualties, excessive damage to civilian objects, and excessive environmental damage. This principle is designed to minimize suffering and harm to civilians and non-combatants.

The principle of military necessity in IHL requires parties to an armed conflict to use force only when necessary to achieve a legitimate military objective, to use force only in a manner that is proportionate to the military objective, and to avoid causing unnecessary suffering and harm. This principle is designed to minimize suffering and harm to civilians and non-combatants.

The principle of humanity in IHL requires parties to an armed conflict to treat all persons with humanity, without distinction, to protect the wounded and sick, and to protect prisoners of war. This principle is designed to ensure that all persons are treated with dignity and respect.

War crimes are serious violations of IHL that are punishable by international law. Examples of war crimes include wilfully killing or causing serious injury to a person protected by the Geneva Conventions, torture or inhuman treatment, and taking hostages.

Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions are the most serious violations of IHL and are punishable by international law. Examples of grave breaches include wilfully killing or causing serious injury to a person protected by the Geneva Conventions, torture or inhuman treatment, and taking hostages.

The ICRC is a neutral and impartial humanitarian organization that works to promote and enforce IHL, provide humanitarian assistance to victims of armed conflict, and act as a neutral intermediary between parties to an armed conflict.

Protected persons under IHL include wounded and sick combatants, wounded and sick non-combatants, and prisoners of war. These persons are entitled to special protection and care under IHL.

The principle of non-refoulement in IHL prohibits the return of a person to a country where they would face persecution, torture, a serious risk of harm, or a risk of death. This principle is designed to protect individuals from persecution and harm.

The principle of universal jurisdiction in IHL allows certain crimes, such as war crimes and crimes against humanity, to be prosecuted in any country, regardless of where they were committed, the nationality of the perpetrator, or the nationality of the victim. This principle is designed to ensure that these crimes are punished and that perpetrators are held accountable.

Prohibited weapons under IHL include chemical weapons, biological weapons, and nuclear weapons. These weapons are prohibited because they cause indiscriminate and excessive suffering and harm.

The principle of proportionality in IHL requires parties to an armed conflict to avoid causing excessive civilian casualties, excessive damage to civilian objects, and excessive environmental damage. This principle is designed to minimize suffering and harm to civilians and non-combatants.

The principle of military necessity in IHL requires parties to an armed conflict to use force only when necessary to achieve a legitimate military objective, to use force only in a manner that is proportionate to the military objective, and to avoid causing unnecessary suffering and harm. This principle is designed to minimize suffering and harm to civilians and non-combatants.