Spain was the first European country to establish a permanent colony in the Americas, with the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean in 1492.

Economic gain was the primary motivation for European countries to engage in imperialism, as they sought access to new markets, resources, and trade routes.

England established the largest colonial empire in the world, spanning over 13 million square kilometers at its peak.

Indirect Rule was the British policy of governing its colonies through local elites, allowing them to maintain some autonomy while still maintaining British control.

Assimilation was the French policy of integrating its colonies into the French nation, aiming to make them culturally and politically French.

Portugal was the first European country to establish a permanent colony in India, with the arrival of Vasco da Gama in Calicut in 1498.

The Sepoy Army was the British East India Company's private army in India, consisting of Indian soldiers led by British officers.

World War II marked the beginning of the end of European colonialism in Africa, as it weakened the European powers and inspired independence movements in the colonies.

The Indian National Congress was the political party that advocated for the independence of India from British rule, led by figures such as Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru.

Portugal was the first European country to establish a permanent colony in Southeast Asia, with the arrival of Afonso de Albuquerque in Malacca in 1511.

Batavia was the Dutch East India Company's trading post in Indonesia, which later became the city of Jakarta.

England was the first European country to establish a permanent colony in Australia, with the arrival of the First Fleet in Sydney Cove in 1788.

Botany Bay was the British penal colony in Australia, where convicts were sent from Britain to serve their sentences.

England was the first European country to establish a permanent colony in New Zealand, with the arrival of the New Zealand Company in 1840.

The Treaty of Waitangi was the treaty that established British sovereignty over New Zealand, signed between the British Crown and Maori chiefs in 1840.