Glass is primarily made from a mixture of sand (silicon dioxide), soda ash (sodium carbonate), and limestone (calcium carbonate).

Soda-lime glass is the most common type of glass used for making bottles and jars due to its low cost, good clarity, and ease of production.

Ceramics are typically made from a mixture of clay, feldspar, and silica.

Earthenware is the most common type of ceramic used for making tiles and tableware due to its low cost and ease of production.

Fusing is the process of melting and reshaping glass by heating it to a high temperature.

Mechanical recycling is the most common method of recycling glass, which involves crushing and melting the glass to produce new glass products.

Vitrification is the process of recycling ceramics by melting them at high temperatures to form a glass-like material.

Float glass is the most common type of glass used for making windows due to its flatness, clarity, and low cost.

Recycling glass faces several challenges, including contamination, high energy consumption, and low market demand.

Porcelain is the most common type of ceramic used for making sanitary ware due to its high strength, durability, and resistance to stains.

Chemical recycling is the process of recycling glass by breaking it down into its chemical components, which can then be used to produce new glass or other materials.

Fused silica glass is the most common type of glass used for making optical fibers due to its high purity, low loss, and ability to transmit light over long distances.

Incineration is the process of recycling ceramics by heating them to a high temperature in the presence of oxygen, which converts them into ash and gases.

Borosilicate glass is the most common type of glass used for making lenses and prisms due to its high resistance to thermal expansion and chemical attack.

Pyrolysis is the process of recycling ceramics by mixing them with other materials and heating them to a high temperature in the absence of oxygen, which converts them into a new material.