Lighting in opera serves multiple purposes, including creating a realistic atmosphere, highlighting the performers, and enhancing the mood and emotion of the performance.

Floodlights are often used to create a realistic atmosphere in opera by providing a broad, even wash of light across the stage.

Footlights are primarily used to illuminate the performers' faces, making them more visible to the audience.

Spotlights are frequently used to create a dramatic effect in opera by focusing a concentrated beam of light on a specific area or performer.

Dimming refers to the gradual fading in or out of light in opera, typically controlled by a lighting console.

Pyrotechnics, such as controlled explosions or flames, are often used to create the illusion of fire in opera.

Projection involves using projectors to display images or videos onto a surface, such as a screen or backdrop, in opera.

Gobos are metal or glass templates with cut-out designs that are placed in front of a light source to create patterns of light.

Scrims are translucent or semi-transparent materials used to create a variety of effects, such as revealing or concealing objects or creating a朦胧atmosphere.

A cyclorama is a large, curved backdrop that is often used to create the illusion of a sky or other vast expanse.

Revolves are rotating platforms or structures used to create the illusion of a moving background or to reveal different scenes.

Drops are large pieces of fabric or other material that are hung from the ceiling or flown in to create a backdrop or to change the appearance of the stage.

Flats are large, flat panels that are used to create the illusion of a solid wall or surface on stage.

Wings are the side panels that extend from the stage to the wings, typically used to mask the backstage area or to create the illusion of a larger stage.

Wagons are movable platforms or carts that are used to create the illusion of a moving object on stage.