Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is the primary stress hormone released by the adrenal glands in response to stressful situations.

Cortisol, often referred to as the 'stress hormone', is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress and plays a crucial role in the body's stress response.

Insulin, produced by the pancreas, is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels. Stress can disrupt insulin production and sensitivity, potentially leading to insulin resistance and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.

Immunosuppression refers to the suppression of the immune system's ability to fight off infections and diseases, which can be a consequence of chronic stress.

Thyroxine, produced by the thyroid gland, is a crucial hormone involved in regulating metabolism, growth, and development.

Chronic stress can disrupt insulin production and sensitivity, leading to insulin resistance and an increased risk of weight gain, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic problems.

Melatonin, produced by the pineal gland, is a hormone that helps regulate sleep-wake cycles. Stress can disrupt melatonin production, leading to sleep disturbances and insomnia.

The neuroendocrine axis refers to the communication pathway between the nervous system and the endocrine system, allowing for hormonal responses to various stimuli.

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is the primary stress hormone released by the adrenal glands in response to stressful situations, preparing the body for the 'fight-or-flight' response.

Chronic stress can disrupt the production of estrogen, a hormone crucial for reproductive health and menstrual regularity. This imbalance can lead to various reproductive issues, including menstrual irregularities and fertility problems.

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter and hormone that plays a significant role in regulating mood, appetite, and sleep. It is often referred to as the 'feel-good' hormone due to its positive effects on mood and well-being.

Cardiovascular stress response refers to the negative impact of stress on the cardiovascular system, leading to increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and potential cardiovascular complications.

Thyroxine, produced by the thyroid gland, is a hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, energy expenditure, and growth.

Chronic stress can disrupt the production of estrogen, a hormone crucial for bone health. This imbalance can lead to bone loss and an increased risk of osteoporosis, especially in postmenopausal women.

Endocrine-immune crosstalk refers to the communication between the endocrine system and the immune system, allowing for hormonal regulation of immune responses and vice versa.