Camus believed that the inherent conflict between human beings' desire for meaning and the meaningless universe creates a state of absurdity.

Hedonism posits that pleasure is the highest good and the primary motivator of human action.

The categorical imperative is a moral principle that requires actions to be based on maxims that can be universally applied without contradiction.

Sartre's philosophy emphasizes the importance of individual freedom and the responsibility that comes with it.

Utilitarianism holds that the morally right action is the one that produces the most good or happiness for the greatest number of people.

Existential angst is a feeling of anxiety, dread, or despair that arises from the contemplation of one's own existence and the meaninglessness of life.

Nietzsche's concept of the 'will to power' refers to the innate human drive to assert oneself, overcome obstacles, and achieve personal growth and fulfillment.

Camus's philosophy focuses on the inherent absurdity of life and the human struggle to find meaning in a meaningless universe.

Virtue ethics emphasizes the importance of cultivating virtues, such as courage, honesty, and justice, as the foundation for ethical behavior.

Bad faith is a concept in existentialism that refers to the state of denying or逃避 one's own freedom and responsibility, often by adopting inauthentic or self-deceptive beliefs and behaviors.

Kierkegaard's concept of the 'leap of faith' refers to the act of embracing religious beliefs despite the lack of rational or empirical evidence.

Heidegger's philosophy focuses on the question of being and the human experience of existence.

Deontology emphasizes the importance of following moral rules or principles that are considered to be universally binding, regardless of the consequences.

Authenticity is a concept in existentialism that refers to the state of being true to oneself, living in accordance with one's values and beliefs, and taking responsibility for one's own choices.