Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are non-renewable energy sources because they are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years and cannot be replenished at a rate comparable to their consumption.

Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, do not produce greenhouse gases when generating electricity, which helps reduce carbon emissions and mitigate climate change.

Wind energy is intermittent because it depends on the availability of wind, which can vary significantly over time.

The photovoltaic effect is the process by which certain materials generate an electrical current when exposed to light.

Batteries are commonly used to store excess energy generated from renewable sources, allowing it to be used when needed.

A smart grid is designed to efficiently distribute energy from renewable sources to consumers, optimizing energy flow and reducing losses.

The material used in the construction of a solar panel, such as monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon, plays a significant role in determining its efficiency.

Grid integration refers to the process of connecting renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind farms, to the existing electrical grid.

Geothermal energy is a reliable source of energy as it is not affected by weather conditions and can generate electricity continuously.

The primary challenge with wind energy is its intermittent nature, as wind availability can vary significantly over time.

Tidal turbines are devices that convert the kinetic energy of moving tides into electricity.

Waste-to-Energy is the process of converting waste materials into usable energy, such as electricity or heat.

Hydropower is the process of generating electricity from the energy of flowing water.

The primary disadvantage of using fossil fuels is their negative environmental impact, as they release harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases during combustion.

A sustainable energy system encompasses energy efficiency measures, the utilization of renewable energy sources, and the integration of energy storage technologies.