Lack of economic opportunities

Inadequate education and job skills

Access to affordable housing

Discrimination and social exclusion

They lack the necessary skills and education to secure legitimate employment.

They are more likely to be exposed to criminal behavior and negative influences.

They have a higher propensity for violence and aggression.

They are more likely to be victims of crime, leading them to retaliate.

Increased fear and insecurity within communities

Strained relationships between law enforcement and marginalized populations

Reduced investment in education and social programs

Improved public safety and community well-being

High levels of social cohesion and community support

Strong family structures and positive role models

Economic stability and equal access to resources

Residential instability, poverty, and social isolation

Investing in early childhood education and skill development programs

Providing job training and placement assistance to disadvantaged individuals

Expanding access to affordable housing and healthcare

Enacting stricter criminal laws and increasing police presence

Minor offenses, if left unchecked, can lead to more serious crimes.

Crime is more likely to occur in areas with high levels of social disorganization.

Poverty is the primary cause of criminal behavior.

Increased police presence can deter crime more effectively than social programs.

Reduced fear and insecurity within communities

Improved economic opportunities and social mobility

Increased trust between law enforcement and marginalized populations

Higher rates of recidivism and incarceration

Individuals who are labeled as criminals are more likely to engage in criminal behavior.

Poverty is the sole determinant of criminal behavior.

Crime is a result of biological factors and genetic predispositions.

Social programs are ineffective in reducing crime rates.

Resistance to change from vested interests and power structures

Limited resources and funding for social programs

Lack of political will and commitment to comprehensive reforms

Overreliance on criminal justice interventions and punishment

Individuals experience a gap between their aspirations and their ability to achieve them.

Social institutions fail to provide adequate opportunities for upward mobility.

Communities lack social cohesion and support networks.

Law enforcement is ineffective in deterring crime.

Increased risk of victimization and exposure to violence

Limited access to education, employment, and healthcare

Social stigma and discrimination

Improved mental and physical well-being

Strong social bonds and collective action

High levels of poverty and social disorganization

Increased police presence and surveillance

Strict criminal laws and harsh punishments

Improved cognitive and social skills

Increased likelihood of high school graduation and college attendance

Reduced risk of involvement in criminal activities

Higher rates of recidivism and incarceration

Individuals have strong ties to their families and communities.

Social institutions effectively regulate behavior and enforce norms.

Law enforcement is strict and punishments are severe.

Economic opportunities are limited and poverty is widespread.

Lack of reliable and comprehensive data on poverty and crime rates

Difficulty in isolating the effects of poverty from other contributing factors

Overreliance on self-reported data, which may be subject to bias

Clear and consistent definitions of poverty and crime across different contexts