Genetic engineering involves the deliberate modification of an organism's genetic material to achieve desired traits or characteristics.

Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific recognition sequences, allowing for targeted manipulation of genetic material.

Transformation involves the uptake of foreign DNA by a host organism, resulting in the integration of the new genetic material into the host's genome.

E. coli is a widely used host organism for cloning vectors due to its rapid growth, ease of genetic manipulation, and well-studied genetic system.

PCR involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to denature and anneal DNA strands, resulting in the exponential amplification of a specific DNA sequence.

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on their size, allowing for the analysis and identification of specific DNA sequences.

Southern blotting involves the transfer of DNA fragments from a gel onto a membrane, followed by hybridization with a labeled probe to detect the presence of a specific DNA sequence.

DNA sequencing determines the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule, providing valuable information about the genetic makeup of an organism.

Gene editing involves the use of engineered nucleases to make precise changes to an organism's genome, allowing for targeted manipulation of genetic traits.

Genetic engineering raises ethical considerations related to environmental impact, animal welfare, and the potential risks and benefits of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

Transgenic organism, genetically modified organism (GMO), and recombinant organism are all terms used to describe an organism that has been genetically modified through the introduction of foreign genetic material.

The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is an international agreement that regulates the transboundary movement of living modified organisms (LMOs) and aims to ensure the safe handling, transport, and use of LMOs.

Transduction is the process by which genetic material is transferred from one cell to another by a virus.

Recombinant protein production involves the use of genetic engineering techniques to produce large quantities of a specific protein in a host organism.

Transfection is the process of introducing genetic material into a cell using a vector, such as a virus or a plasmid.