To monitor and detect health events of international concern

To provide healthcare services to underserved populations

To conduct research on emerging infectious diseases

To develop new vaccines and treatments for diseases

Event-based surveillance

Routine data collection

Laboratory testing

Health promotion and education

To monitor trends in disease incidence and prevalence

To detect outbreaks and emerging health threats

To evaluate the effectiveness of public health interventions

To provide data for health policy and planning

Hospital discharge data

Mortality data

Laboratory test results

School absenteeism data

To confirm suspected cases of infectious diseases

To identify new and emerging pathogens

To monitor antimicrobial resistance patterns

All of the above

Lack of resources and infrastructure in some countries

Difficulty in coordinating surveillance efforts across countries

Limited access to real-time data

All of the above

By providing early warning of emerging health threats

By facilitating rapid response and containment measures

By informing the development of vaccines and treatments

All of the above

To share information and resources for effective response to health threats

To harmonize surveillance systems and standards across countries

To facilitate capacity building and technical assistance

All of the above

World Health Organization (WHO)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)

Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)

A legally binding agreement among countries to strengthen global health security

A set of guidelines for reporting and responding to public health emergencies

A framework for coordinating international surveillance and response efforts

All of the above

Event-based surveillance

Laboratory testing

Data management and analysis

Health promotion and education

By monitoring progress towards health-related SDGs

By identifying health disparities and inequities

By informing policies and interventions to address health challenges

All of the above

To facilitate real-time data collection and sharing

To enhance data analysis and visualization

To improve communication and coordination among stakeholders

All of the above

By providing early warning of health threats

By informing the development of preparedness and response plans

By strengthening surveillance systems and capacities

All of the above

To promote awareness and understanding of surveillance activities

To encourage participation in surveillance and reporting

To build trust and collaboration between communities and health authorities

All of the above