Permafrost is defined as ground that remains frozen for at least two consecutive years, regardless of the surface temperature.

The Arctic region, including parts of Alaska, Canada, Siberia, and Greenland, contains the largest area of permafrost.

The average temperature of permafrost is typically around -10°C, although it can vary depending on the location and depth.

Permafrost melting can lead to loss of biodiversity, release of greenhouse gases, and coastal erosion.

Drilling and coring, ground-penetrating radar, and satellite imagery are all commonly used methods for studying permafrost.

Thermokarst is the term used to describe the process of permafrost melting, which can result in the formation of various landforms such as sinkholes, lakes, and gullies.

Cryoturbation is the term used to describe the movement of soil and rock due to the freezing and thawing of permafrost, which can result in the formation of various features such as patterned ground and frost boils.

Pingos are mounds of earth and ice that form in permafrost regions, typically as a result of the expansion of ice lenses within the ground.

Solifluction is the term used to describe the slow, downhill movement of soil and rock due to gravity in permafrost regions, which can result in the formation of various features such as terraces and lobes.

Cryopedology, geocryology, and permafrost science are all terms used to describe the study of permafrost.

Research on permafrost focuses on understanding the impacts of climate change, developing predictive models, and studying the role of permafrost in the global carbon cycle.

Studying permafrost presents challenges such as harsh and remote conditions, limited access to research sites, and difficulties in drilling and coring.

Research on permafrost can contribute to addressing climate change by improving predictions of sea level rise, developing strategies for mitigating permafrost thaw, and informing policy decisions.

Permafrost melting can lead to the release of greenhouse gases, loss of biodiversity, and damage to infrastructure.