Stock markets serve as a marketplace where companies can issue and sell shares of their ownership to investors, thereby raising capital for various purposes such as expansion, innovation, or debt repayment.

Bonds are debt instruments issued by companies or governments to raise capital. They are not considered a type of stock because they do not represent ownership in the issuing entity.

Market sentiment refers to the overall attitude and expectations of investors towards the stock market. It can be positive, negative, or neutral and can influence market trends and prices.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is a stock market index that measures the stock performance of 30 large, publicly traded companies in the United States.

Trading refers to the act of buying and selling stocks in the stock market with the intention of making a profit from short-term price movements.

Value investing is a long-term investment strategy that involves buying stocks that are believed to be undervalued and have the potential for significant growth.

A crash is a sudden and severe decline in stock prices, typically characterized by a drop of 10% or more in a short period of time.

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is the primary regulatory body responsible for overseeing the stock markets in the United States.

A bull run is a period of sustained growth in stock prices, typically characterized by a rise of 20% or more over a period of several months.

A trailing stop order is not a standard type of stock order. It is a more advanced order type that automatically adjusts the stop price based on the movement of the stock price.

Range refers to the difference between the highest and lowest prices of a stock over a specified period of time, such as a day, week, or month.

Bonds are debt instruments and not considered a type of financial derivative. Financial derivatives are contracts that derive their value from an underlying asset, such as a stock, commodity, or currency.

Speculating involves buying a stock with the primary intention of selling it at a higher price in the future, typically over a short period of time.

Volatility-weighted indices are not as common as the other types mentioned. They are designed to reflect the volatility of the underlying stocks rather than their market capitalization or price.

Short selling involves selling a stock that you do not own, with the expectation of buying it back at a lower price in the future.