The primary cause of overfishing is the increasing demand for seafood, driven by population growth and rising affluence.

Trawling, a method that involves dragging a large net along the seafloor, has the highest bycatch, as it indiscriminately captures a wide range of marine life, including non-target species and juveniles.

Discarding refers to the practice of throwing unwanted fish caught as bycatch back into the ocean, often dead or dying.

Sharks are particularly vulnerable to overfishing due to their slow growth and late maturity, making them unable to recover quickly from population declines.

Trophic cascade refers to the phenomenon where a reduction in the abundance of one species leads to an increase in the abundance of another, often due to changes in predator-prey relationships.

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) aims to prevent overfishing and promote sustainable fishing practices by establishing a legal framework for the conservation and management of marine resources.

Spawning season fishing refers to the practice of fishing during the breeding season of a species, when they are most vulnerable and their populations are most susceptible to decline.

Longlining involves setting a long line with multiple baited hooks, often used to catch tuna, swordfish, and other large pelagic fish.

Non-selective fishing refers to the practice of using fishing gear that is not selective and catches a wide range of species, including non-target species and juveniles.

Seine netting involves encircling a school of fish with a large net, often used to catch pelagic fish such as sardines and anchovies.

Gillnetting involves catching fish using nets that are designed to trap fish by their gills.

Trawling involves dragging a large net along the seafloor, often used to catch bottom-dwelling fish such as cod and flounder.

Angling involves catching fish using a hook and line.

Gillnetting involves setting a net vertically in the water column, often used to catch fish such as salmon and tuna.

Spearfishing involves catching fish using a spear or harpoon.