Racism is a complex phenomenon that involves prejudice, discrimination, and institutional power, and it can manifest in various forms, including individual, institutional, and systemic racism.

Conflict Theory posits that social groups with different interests and values engage in conflict over resources, power, and status, and this can apply to racial and ethnic groups as well.

Assimilation refers to the process by which individuals or groups adopt the cultural traits and norms of another group, often the dominant group in a society.

Affirmative Action policies are designed to address historical and ongoing discrimination by providing preferential treatment to historically disadvantaged groups in areas such as education, employment, and contracting.

Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own culture and way of life is superior to others, and it can lead to prejudice and discrimination against those who are different.

Symbolic Interactionism focuses on how individuals and groups interact with each other, and how these interactions shape their perceptions and behaviors towards different racial and ethnic groups.

Pluralism refers to the coexistence of multiple racial and ethnic groups within a society, where each group retains its unique identity and culture while also participating in the broader society.

Multiculturalism policies and practices aim to celebrate and promote the cultural diversity of a society, recognizing the value of different cultural backgrounds and perspectives.

Segregation refers to the physical and social separation of racial or ethnic groups, often resulting in unequal access to resources and opportunities.

Functionalism posits that various parts of society, including racial and ethnic groups, contribute to the overall functioning and stability of the social system.

Acculturation refers to the process by which individuals or groups adopt the cultural traits and norms of another group, often the dominant group in a society.

Colorblindness policies and practices aim to treat all individuals equally, regardless of their race or ethnicity, and to eliminate racial and ethnic considerations in decision-making.

Equality refers to the state of being equal in terms of rights, opportunities, and treatment, regardless of race or ethnicity.

Social Exchange Theory suggests that individuals and groups engage in social interactions based on the perceived costs and benefits of those interactions.

Integration refers to the process by which racial and ethnic groups come together and interact on an equal basis, often leading to the breakdown of barriers and stereotypes.