The weakening of party organizations, due to factors such as declining membership, reduced funding, and less effective grassroots mobilization, has been a major contributor to party decline and dealignment.

Issue-oriented voting theory argues that party decline is caused by voters' increasing focus on specific issues rather than party loyalty, leading to a decline in party identification and a rise in independent voting.

Dealignment refers to the weakening of the psychological attachment between voters and political parties, resulting in a decline in party identification and an increase in independent voting.

Increased media coverage of politics, particularly through television and social media, has contributed to the decline of party loyalty and the rise of independent voters by providing voters with more information and diverse perspectives on political issues.

Critical realignment refers to the realignment of party coalitions and the emergence of new party systems, often triggered by major political, economic, or social changes.

Increased campaign spending, particularly by wealthy donors and special interest groups, has contributed to the weakening of party organizations and the decline of party loyalty by reducing the influence of party leaders and grassroots activists.

Electoral volatility refers to the increasing volatility of electoral outcomes and the decline in the stability of party systems, often characterized by frequent changes in government and the rise of new parties.

The rise of third-party candidates, often representing specific issue-based constituencies or disaffected voters, has contributed to the decline of party loyalty and the increasing volatility of electoral outcomes.

Party polarization refers to the increasing polarization of political parties and the decline of bipartisanship, often characterized by deep ideological divisions and gridlock in government.

Increased campaign spending, particularly by wealthy donors and special interest groups, has contributed to the decline of party loyalty and the rise of independent voters by reducing the influence of party leaders and grassroots activists.

Electoral volatility refers to the increasing volatility of electoral outcomes and the decline in the stability of party systems, often characterized by frequent changes in government and the rise of new parties.

The rise of third-party candidates, often representing specific issue-based constituencies or disaffected voters, has contributed to the decline of party loyalty and the increasing volatility of electoral outcomes.

Party polarization refers to the increasing polarization of political parties and the decline of bipartisanship, often characterized by deep ideological divisions and gridlock in government.

Increased campaign spending, particularly by wealthy donors and special interest groups, has contributed to the decline of party loyalty and the rise of independent voters by reducing the influence of party leaders and grassroots activists.

Electoral volatility refers to the increasing volatility of electoral outcomes and the decline in the stability of party systems, often characterized by frequent changes in government and the rise of new parties.