Genetic engineering involves the deliberate modification of an organism's genetic material to achieve desired traits or characteristics.

Transformation is a process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a host organism, typically a bacterium, using methods like electroporation or chemical treatment.

Restriction enzymes are enzymes that recognize and cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences, allowing for precise manipulation of DNA molecules.

Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently of the host cell's chromosomal DNA and are often used as vectors to carry foreign DNA into host organisms.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify a specific region of DNA exponentially, generating millions to billions of copies in a short period.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

One ethical concern associated with genetic engineering in agriculture is the potential impact on ecosystems, including the spread of genetically modified organisms into natural populations.

Gene therapy involves introducing genetic material into cells to treat or prevent a disease by correcting a genetic defect.

DNA ligase is an enzyme that joins DNA fragments together, creating a continuous DNA molecule.

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size by applying an electric current through a gel.

Transduction is the process of transferring genetic material from one bacterium to another through a viral vector.

One ethical concern associated with genetic engineering in medicine is the potential for unintended consequences or adverse effects on human health.

Transgenesis involves introducing a gene into an organism to confer a new trait or characteristic that is not naturally present.

Southern blotting is a technique used to detect specific DNA sequences in a sample by transferring DNA fragments from a gel to a membrane and then hybridizing them with a labeled probe.

Epigenetics involves altering the expression of a gene without changing its DNA sequence, typically through modifications to the chromatin structure or DNA methylation patterns.