Aryabhata, who lived in the 5th century CE, is credited with developing the concept of the 'rule of three', which is a method for solving proportion problems. This concept has applications in various economic theories.

Kautilya, also known as Chanakya, wrote the treatise 'Arthashastra' in the 4th century BCE, which discusses various economic concepts, including the idea of 'economic surplus', which refers to the excess of production over consumption.

Srinivasa Ramanujan, who lived in the early 20th century, made significant contributions to game theory, a branch of mathematics that deals with strategic decision-making in situations involving multiple players.

Amartya Sen, a Nobel laureate in economics, has made significant contributions to social choice theory, which deals with the aggregation of individual preferences into a collective decision.

John Nash, an American mathematician, developed the concept of 'Nash equilibrium', which is a solution concept in game theory where no player has an incentive to change their strategy given the strategies of the other players.

Raghuram Rajan, a former governor of the Reserve Bank of India, has made significant contributions to the theory of 'rational expectations', which assumes that economic agents form expectations about the future based on all available information.

Abhijit Banerjee, a Nobel laureate in economics, has made significant contributions to behavioral economics, which studies the influence of psychological, social, and cognitive factors on economic decision-making.

Pradeep Dubey, an Indian-American mathematician, has made significant contributions to mechanism design, which is a branch of game theory that deals with the design of mechanisms that incentivize participants to behave in a socially desirable manner.

Vijay Krishna, an Indian-American mathematician, has made significant contributions to information economics, which studies the role of information in economic decision-making.

Dilip Abreu, an Indian-American mathematician, has made significant contributions to contract theory, which studies the design and enforcement of contracts between economic agents.

Vijay Krishna, an Indian-American mathematician, has made significant contributions to auction theory, which studies the design and implementation of auctions for allocating goods and services.

Alvin Roth, an American mathematician, has made significant contributions to matching theory, which studies the allocation of indivisible goods or services to multiple agents.

Sujoy Chakravarty, an Indian mathematician, has made significant contributions to fair division, which studies the allocation of goods and services among multiple agents in a fair and equitable manner.

Pradeep Dubey, an Indian-American mathematician, has made significant contributions to cooperative game theory, which studies the behavior of players in situations where they can form binding agreements.

Vijay Krishna, an Indian-American mathematician, has made significant contributions to non-cooperative game theory, which studies the behavior of players in situations where they cannot form binding agreements.