Bioethics is a field of study that explores the ethical implications of medical research and healthcare practices, including issues such as patient autonomy, informed consent, and the allocation of scarce resources.

The principle of autonomy emphasizes the importance of respecting the right of individuals to make decisions about their own healthcare, including the right to refuse treatment.

The principle of beneficence requires healthcare professionals to act in the best interests of their patients, including taking steps to prevent harm and promote their well-being.

The principle of non-maleficence prohibits healthcare professionals from intentionally harming their patients, including taking actions that could cause harm or withholding necessary treatment.

The principle of justice requires healthcare resources to be distributed fairly and equitably among all members of society, regardless of their ability to pay or other factors.

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that emphasizes the importance of maximizing overall happiness or well-being, regardless of the distribution of benefits and burdens.

Deontology is an ethical theory that emphasizes the importance of following moral rules or duties, regardless of the consequences, such as the principle of non-maleficence.

Virtue ethics is an ethical theory that emphasizes the importance of developing and practicing virtues, such as honesty, courage, and compassion, as a means of achieving a good and flourishing life.

Kantianism is an ethical theory that emphasizes the importance of acting in accordance with universal moral principles, such as respect for human dignity, regardless of the consequences.

Proxy decision-making is the process of making decisions about healthcare interventions when a patient lacks the capacity to make their own decisions, typically involving a designated individual or family member acting on their behalf.

Advance directives are legal documents that allow a person to specify their wishes regarding future healthcare decisions in the event that they become incapacitated, including the appointment of a proxy decision-maker.

Informed consent is the ethical principle that requires healthcare professionals to disclose all relevant information to patients in order to obtain their informed consent for treatment, including the risks, benefits, and alternatives to the proposed treatment.

Confidentiality is the ethical principle that requires healthcare professionals to respect the privacy of their patients, including protecting the confidentiality of their medical records and personal information.

Honesty is the ethical principle that requires healthcare professionals to be honest and truthful with their patients, including providing accurate information about their condition, prognosis, and treatment options.

Justice is the ethical principle that requires healthcare professionals to be fair and just in their treatment of patients, including providing equal access to healthcare resources and avoiding discrimination.