The primary objective of establishing protected areas is to conserve and protect biodiversity, ecosystems, and natural resources for future generations.

Indigenous peoples have the right to participate in the management and decision-making processes of protected areas, access and use natural resources within protected areas, and maintain their traditional practices and cultural heritage.

Indigenous peoples face a number of challenges in relation to protected areas, including displacement and relocation from traditional lands, loss of access to natural resources and traditional livelihoods, and disruption of cultural practices and spiritual beliefs.

Best practices for ensuring the rights of indigenous peoples in protected areas include free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC) for the establishment and management of protected areas, recognition and respect for indigenous land rights and traditional knowledge, and active participation of indigenous peoples in decision-making processes.

Involving indigenous peoples in the management of protected areas can lead to improved conservation outcomes, increased support for protected areas among local communities, enhanced cultural understanding and appreciation, and all of the above.

International law plays a significant role in protecting the rights of indigenous peoples in relation to protected areas, including the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

Protected area managers face a number of challenges in working with indigenous peoples, including lack of understanding of indigenous cultures and traditions, difficulty in communicating with indigenous communities, and conflicting views on conservation and development.

Best practices for protected area managers in working with indigenous peoples include building relationships and trust with indigenous communities, engaging indigenous peoples in decision-making processes, and providing capacity-building and support to indigenous communities.

There are a number of success stories of indigenous peoples' involvement in protected area management, including the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park in Australia, the Maasai Mara National Reserve in Kenya, and the Kuna Yala Indigenous Territory in Panama.

Indigenous peoples face a number of challenges in accessing and using natural resources within protected areas, including restrictions on hunting, fishing, and gathering, displacement from traditional lands, and loss of access to sacred sites and cultural resources.

Best practices for ensuring that indigenous peoples have access to and can use natural resources within protected areas include developing co-management agreements between indigenous peoples and protected area authorities, providing indigenous peoples with alternative livelihoods and income-generating opportunities, and recognizing and respecting indigenous peoples' traditional knowledge and practices.

Indigenous peoples face a number of challenges in maintaining their traditional practices and cultural heritage within protected areas, including restrictions on traditional hunting, fishing, and gathering practices, displacement from traditional lands, and loss of access to sacred sites and cultural resources.

Best practices for ensuring that indigenous peoples can maintain their traditional practices and cultural heritage within protected areas include recognizing and respecting indigenous peoples' traditional knowledge and practices, providing indigenous peoples with access to and control over their traditional lands and resources, and supporting indigenous peoples' efforts to revitalize and maintain their traditional languages and cultures.

Indigenous peoples can contribute to the conservation of protected areas in a number of ways, including sharing their traditional knowledge and practices with protected area managers, participating in monitoring and surveillance activities, and assisting in the development and implementation of management plans.

Protected areas can benefit indigenous peoples in a number of ways, including providing a secure and sustainable source of food, water, and other resources, protecting sacred sites and cultural resources, and supporting traditional livelihoods and economic activities.