Astrophysics is a branch of astronomy that deals with the study of the universe and its contents, while engineering physics is concerned with the practical applications of physics.

X-rays, ultrasound, and MRI are all commonly used in medical imaging for different purposes.

Solar cells convert light energy into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect.

Silicon, gallium arsenide, and cadmium telluride are all commonly used semiconductor materials in solar cells.

Lasers operate based on the principle of stimulated emission of radiation, where an excited atom or molecule emits a photon of light when stimulated by an external electromagnetic field.

Lasers are used in various medical applications, including laser surgery, laser eye surgery, and laser lithotripsy.

Nuclear reactors generate energy through the process of nuclear fission, where heavy atomic nuclei are split into lighter nuclei, releasing a large amount of energy.

Pressurized water reactors (PWRs) are the most common type of nuclear reactor used for electricity generation worldwide.

Particle accelerators are used for a variety of purposes, including accelerating charged particles to high energies, studying the structure of atoms and molecules, and producing radioactive isotopes.

Particle accelerators are used in various medical applications, including radiation therapy, medical imaging, and cancer treatment.

Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy.

Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) are the most common type of wind turbine used for electricity generation.

Hydroelectric power plants generate electricity by harnessing the energy of flowing water.

Run-of-the-river, reservoir, and pumped-storage power plants are all commonly used for electricity generation.

Geothermal power plants generate electricity by harnessing the heat from the Earth's interior.