Ferdinand de Saussure, a Swiss linguist, proposed the idea of language as a system of signs, where each sign consists of a signifier (the sound or written form) and a signified (the concept or object it represents).

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, also known as linguistic relativity, suggests that the language we speak influences our perception of reality, including our thoughts, emotions, and beliefs.

Susanne Langer, an American philosopher, argued that music's primary function is to create beauty, rather than to express emotions or communicate ideas.

Leonard Meyer, an American musicologist, proposed the idea of musical universals, arguing that certain musical elements, such as scales, intervals, and rhythms, are found across different cultures.

Friedrich Nietzsche, a German philosopher, viewed language and music as fundamentally opposed, arguing that language is rational and analytical, while music is emotional and intuitive.

Performativity in language refers to the idea that certain utterances, such as promises or commands, can bring about the state of affairs they describe.

John Searle, an American philosopher, argued that the primary function of language is to perform actions, such as making promises, issuing commands, or asking questions.

W.V. Quine, an American philosopher, proposed the idea of linguistic incommensurability, arguing that different languages may have different conceptual schemes that make it impossible to translate certain concepts from one language to another.

Jacques Derrida, a French philosopher, challenged traditional notions of language and meaning by arguing that language is inherently unstable and ambiguous, and that it can never fully capture the complexity of human experience.

Musical autonomy refers to the idea that music should be evaluated based on its own internal qualities, such as its structure, harmony, and melody, rather than on external factors such as its social or historical context.