A spectrograph is used to measure the redshift of galaxies, which is directly related to their distance.

An interferometer combines signals from multiple telescopes to achieve a higher resolution, allowing astronomers to measure the size of galaxies more accurately.

Radio telescopes are used to study the radio emission from galaxies, which can provide insights into their star formation activity and the presence of active galactic nuclei.

X-ray telescopes are used to detect black holes and neutron stars in galaxies, as these objects emit X-rays due to their high temperatures and energetic processes.

Infrared telescopes are used to study the infrared emission from galaxies, which can provide insights into their dust content, star formation activity, and the presence of cool gas and molecules.

Adaptive optics is used to correct for atmospheric turbulence, which can distort the images of galaxies and make them appear blurry. This allows astronomers to obtain sharper and more detailed images of galaxies.

A spectrograph is used to study the chemical composition of galaxies by analyzing the light they emit or absorb.

A coronagraph is used to block the light from bright stars, such as the Sun, in order to study faint objects like galaxies that are located close to the bright star.

A polarimeter is used to study the polarization of light from galaxies, which can provide insights into the magnetic fields and the structure of the galaxies.

Ultraviolet telescopes are used to observe the formation of new stars in galaxies, as young stars emit a significant amount of ultraviolet radiation.

Gamma-ray telescopes are used to study the gamma-ray emission from galaxies, which can provide insights into the presence of active galactic nuclei, supernovae, and other high-energy phenomena.

Space-based telescopes are located above the Earth's atmosphere, which eliminates the effects of atmospheric turbulence and allows for clearer and more sensitive observations of galaxies.

A Doppler spectrometer is used to study the motion of stars and gas within galaxies by measuring the Doppler shift of their spectral lines.

A Fabry-Perot interferometer is used to measure the rotation speed of galaxies by analyzing the Doppler shift of their spectral lines.

Gravitational wave detectors are used to study the gravitational lensing of light from galaxies, which can provide insights into the distribution of mass in the universe.