Edwin Sutherland proposed the Differential Association Theory of Deviance in his 1947 book, 'Principles of Criminology.'

Sutherland believed that deviance is primarily caused by social factors, such as exposure to criminal behavior and association with deviant peers.

Sutherland argued that deviance is learned through observational learning, or the process of observing and imitating the behavior of others.

Sutherland's Differential Association Theory consists of three main elements: frequency (the number of times an individual is exposed to deviant behavior), intensity (the strength of the exposure), and priority (the age at which the individual is first exposed to deviant behavior).

Sutherland argued that there is a positive and linear relationship between differential association and deviance, meaning that the more an individual is exposed to deviant behavior, the more likely they are to engage in deviant behavior themselves.

Sutherland's Differential Association Theory has been criticized for being too deterministic, ignoring the role of biological and psychological factors, and being based on a narrow definition of deviance.

All of the above are examples of differential association, as they involve individuals being exposed to deviant behavior and learning it through observation and imitation.

The main policy implication of Sutherland's Differential Association Theory is that we should focus on preventing exposure to deviant behavior, providing opportunities for positive role models, and addressing the social and economic conditions that contribute to deviance.

Sutherland's Differential Association Theory is more deterministic, more focused on social factors, and more based on empirical evidence than other theories of deviance.

Sutherland's Differential Association Theory is parsimonious and easy to understand, it is supported by a large body of research, and it has been used to develop effective prevention and intervention programs.

Sutherland's Differential Association Theory is too deterministic, it ignores the role of biological and psychological factors, and it is based on a narrow definition of deviance.

Sutherland's Differential Association Theory has been used to explain different types of deviance, including crime, delinquency, and drug use.

Key concepts in Sutherland's Differential Association Theory include differential association, frequency, intensity, and priority, and techniques of neutralization.

Sutherland's Differential Association Theory explains the relationship between social class and deviance by arguing that lower-class individuals are more likely to be exposed to deviant behavior, have deviant values, and be victims of discrimination.

Criticisms of Sutherland's Differential Association Theory include that it is too deterministic, ignores the role of biological and psychological factors, and is based on a narrow definition of deviance.