Russia has the largest territorial claim in the Arctic region, encompassing approximately 25% of the Arctic Ocean and its surrounding landmasses.

The Antarctic Treaty System, signed in 1959, is the primary international agreement governing activities in Antarctica. It promotes scientific research, cooperation, and the protection of the continent's environment.

Canada has the longest coastline among Arctic nations, stretching approximately 160,000 kilometers (100,000 miles) along its northern shores.

The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) is the Arctic Council's working group responsible for monitoring and assessing the status of the Arctic environment, including climate change, pollution, and biodiversity.

The Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, located at the geographic South Pole, is renowned for its distinctive dome-shaped structure, which provides protection against extreme weather conditions.

Calving is the process by which large blocks of ice break off from glaciers or ice shelves, particularly in the polar regions. It is a natural process that contributes to the formation of icebergs.

Greenland, an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark, has the largest indigenous population in the Arctic region, primarily comprising the Inuit people.

The Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) is an international agreement that aims to prevent unregulated fishing in the Antarctic Ocean and conserve marine life in the region.

Russia possesses the largest fleet of icebreakers in the world, which are essential for navigating the icy waters of the Arctic Ocean and supporting scientific research and resource exploration.

The Sustainable Development Working Group (SDWG) of the Arctic Council promotes sustainable development in the Arctic region by addressing issues such as economic development, social well-being, and environmental protection.

McMurdo Station is the largest Antarctic research station and is located on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica. It serves as a hub for scientific research and logistical support for various expeditions in the region.

Ablation refers to the process of melting ice and snow in the polar regions. It occurs due to factors such as solar radiation, warm air temperatures, and wind, and contributes to the loss of ice mass in glaciers, ice sheets, and sea ice.

Russia is estimated to hold the largest oil and gas reserves in the Arctic region, particularly in the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea.

The Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response Working Group (EPPR) of the Arctic Council promotes cooperation on search and rescue operations, oil spill response, and other emergency situations in the Arctic region.

Palmer Station is an American research station located on Anvers Island in the Antarctic Peninsula. It serves as a base for scientific research in various fields, including biology, geology, and oceanography.