Urbanization refers to the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas, leading to the growth of cities and towns.

Railways played a crucial role in the early stages of urbanization, enabling the movement of people and goods between cities and facilitating industrial development.

Urbanization leads to increased population density and economic activity, resulting in higher transportation demand for commuting, business, and leisure purposes.

Suburbanization refers to the movement of people from urban areas to suburban areas, often characterized by lower population density and a more dispersed settlement pattern.

Suburbanization often leads to increased car ownership and usage due to the dispersed nature of suburban development and the lack of efficient public transportation options.

Exurbanization refers to the movement of people from urban and suburban areas to rural areas, often driven by factors such as lifestyle preferences, affordability, and the desire for more space.

Exurbanization typically results in increased car ownership and usage due to the lack of public transportation options and the longer distances between destinations.

Gentrification refers to the process of improving and upgrading urban neighborhoods, often leading to an increase in property values and the displacement of low-income residents.

Gentrification often leads to increased public transportation usage due to the influx of new residents who are more likely to use public transportation for commuting and leisure purposes.

Urban Planning refers to the process of planning and managing urban areas, including land use, transportation, housing, and infrastructure development.

Urban planning can influence transportation systems by promoting sustainable transportation modes such as public transportation, walking, and cycling, or by prioritizing car-centric infrastructure.

Urban Mobility refers to the movement of people and goods within an urban area, encompassing various transportation modes and infrastructure.

Urban mobility can affect the quality of life in urban areas by improving accessibility and connectivity, reducing travel times, and promoting social and economic opportunities.

Transportation Demand Management (TDM) refers to the process of reducing car usage and promoting sustainable transportation modes in urban areas through various strategies such as pricing policies, parking management, and public transportation improvements.

Transportation demand management can contribute to sustainable urban development by reducing traffic congestion and pollution, promoting social equity and accessibility, and improving public health and well-being.