Horizontal-axis wind turbines

Vertical-axis wind turbines

Downwind wind turbines

Upwind wind turbines

Habitat loss

Collision with wind turbine blades

Electrocution from power lines

Noise pollution

Raptors (e.g., hawks, eagles, falcons)

Waterfowl (e.g., ducks, geese, swans)

Passerines (e.g., songbirds, sparrows, finches)

Shorebirds (e.g., sandpipers, plovers, turnstones)

Habitat loss

Collision with wind turbine blades

Barotrauma (pressure-related injuries)

Electrocution from power lines

Migratory bats

Hibernating bats

Tree-roosting bats

Cave-roosting bats

Using bird and bat deterrents

Siting wind farms away from sensitive habitats

Curtailing wind turbine operation during periods of high bird and bat activity

All of the above

Developing new wind turbine designs that are less hazardous to birds and bats

Improving the siting and operation of wind farms to minimize impacts on birds and bats

Conducting research to better understand the impacts of wind energy on birds and bats

All of the above

The high cost of implementing mitigation measures

The lack of effective mitigation measures for some species

The difficulty in predicting bird and bat movements

All of the above

Government regulations can help to ensure that wind farms are sited and operated in a way that minimizes impacts on birds and bats

Government regulations can provide incentives for wind energy developers to implement mitigation measures

Government regulations can help to fund research on bird and bat mortality at wind farms

All of the above

The wind energy industry can help to develop and implement mitigation measures

The wind energy industry can help to fund research on bird and bat mortality

The wind energy industry can work with government agencies to develop effective regulations

All of the above

The public can support policies that promote the development of sustainable wind energy

The public can choose to purchase electricity from wind energy providers that have taken steps to reduce bird and bat mortality

The public can educate themselves and others about the impacts of wind energy on birds and bats

All of the above

Developing more effective mitigation measures

Improving our understanding of bird and bat movements

Assessing the cumulative impacts of wind energy development on bird and bat populations

All of the above

The difficulty in observing and tracking birds and bats

The high cost of conducting research at wind farms

The lack of long-term data on bird and bat mortality at wind farms

All of the above

The development of new mitigation measures that are showing promise in reducing bird and bat mortality

The increasing availability of long-term data on bird and bat mortality at wind farms

The growing collaboration between wind energy developers, government agencies, and researchers

All of the above