Electrical machines are devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy (motors) or vice versa (generators).

AC motors are widely used in household appliances due to their simplicity, reliability, and cost-effectiveness.

Transformers are static devices that change the voltage level of an AC signal, while electrical machines convert electrical energy to mechanical energy or vice versa.

Power transformers are used to step up or step down voltage levels in power distribution systems.

The commutator in a DC machine reverses the direction of current flow in the armature, which changes the direction of the magnetic force and causes the motor to rotate.

Induction motors are known for their high starting torque and low speed, making them suitable for applications such as elevators, cranes, and compressors.

Slip rings in an AC motor connect the rotor windings to the external circuit, allowing the flow of current and the generation of a magnetic field in the rotor.

Isolation transformers are used to isolate one circuit from another, providing electrical isolation and protection against voltage surges and ground faults.

In a synchronous motor, the rotor speed is synchronized with the frequency of the AC supply, making it a constant speed motor.

AC motors, particularly induction motors, are commonly used in electric vehicles due to their high efficiency, reliability, and ability to handle variable speed operation.

Damper windings in a synchronous motor help reduce hunting, which is a tendency of the rotor to oscillate around its synchronous speed.

Instrument transformers, specifically current transformers (CTs) and voltage transformers (VTs), are used to measure current and voltage in electrical circuits for metering, protection, and control purposes.

Starters in electrical machines are used to limit the starting current, which can be several times higher than the normal operating current, to protect the machine and the electrical system.

Induction motors, particularly those with variable frequency drives (VFDs), can operate at variable speeds by adjusting the frequency of the AC supply.