Martin Luther, a German monk, is widely regarded as the father of the Protestant Reformation. His Ninety-Five Theses, posted in 1517, challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and sparked the Reformation.

The Protestant Reformation was sparked by a combination of factors, including disagreements over the interpretation of the Bible, corruption within the Catholic Church, and the desire for political power by some rulers.

Martin Luther's teachings emphasized justification by faith alone, the Bible as the sole source of authority, and the priesthood of all believers, challenging traditional Catholic doctrines.

Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses, posted on the door of the All Saints' Church in Wittenberg, Germany, in 1517, challenged the Catholic Church's practices and teachings, sparking the Protestant Reformation.

Germany was the first country to adopt Lutheranism as its official religion, with many German princes embracing Luther's teachings and establishing Lutheran churches in their territories.

John Calvin, a French theologian, was the founder of Calvinism, a branch of Protestantism that emphasized the sovereignty of God and the doctrine of predestination.

John Calvin established his Protestant community in Geneva, Switzerland, where he implemented his ideas on church government and discipline, shaping the development of Calvinism.

Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church and established the Church of England, asserting his authority as the Supreme Head of the Church in England.

The Thirty-Nine Articles, adopted in 1571, outlined the beliefs of the Church of England, establishing a compromise between Protestant and Catholic doctrines.

The Puritans emerged in England during the Protestant Reformation, advocating for a simpler form of worship and a separation from the established Church of England.

Pietism originated in the Netherlands during the Protestant Reformation, emphasizing individual piety, a personal relationship with God, and a focus on practical Christian living.

Menno Simons, a Dutch Anabaptist leader, advocated for a more radical reformation, rejecting infant baptism and emphasizing the importance of adult baptism, leading to the formation of the Mennonite church.

Methodism emerged in England during the 17th century, emphasizing the importance of personal experience, emotional expression, and a disciplined approach to Christian living.

Philipp Melanchthon, a German reformer and close associate of Martin Luther, emphasized the importance of faith and good works in salvation, contributing to the development of Lutheran theology.

Zwinglianism, founded by Ulrich Zwingli, emphasized the importance of a simple and disciplined Christian life, rejecting elaborate rituals and focusing on the authority of Scripture.